The difference in severity and management between children and adult's cases of COVID-19

Mohammad Husin (1), Gina Noor Djalilah (2), R A Kaniraras (3), Afrita Amalia Laitupa (4)
(1) Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya, Indonesia,
(2) ,
(3) ,
(4)

Abstract

Abstract

COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) has been started in Wuhan, China, and spread worldwide and resulting in many cases of death. COVID-19 attacks the respiratory tract acutely and infected both children and adults. The number of cases in children is less than in adults. By seeing from the clinical aspect, the COVID-19 case in children is milder. There are differences in immunology responses in children and adults where children have higher immunology response of COVID-19 than adults. Meanwhile, if the immunology response is slow in adults, it may cause them infected by COVID-19 with severe symptoms. There are some relations between immunization with immunology response to SARS-CoV-2 where children who already have BCG vaccination has lower infection rates of acute respiratory tract case. This study aims to know the difference between COVID-19 cases that infected adults and children seen in various aspects.

Keywords                     : COVID-19,SARS-CoV-2, children, adult, severity, management

Correspondence         : mohammad_husin@yahoo.com

Full text article

Generated from XML file

References

Andarini, I. (2020). Diagnosis dan Tata Laksana Kasus COVID-19 pada Anak dan Bayi. 1–22. Jawa Tengah.

Bandi, S., Nevid, M. Z., & Mahdavinia, M. (2020). African American children are at higher risk of COVIDâ€19 infection. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, pai.13298. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13298

Castagnoli, R., et al. (2020). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(9), 882. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1467

CDC COVID-19. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children - United States, February 12-April 2, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(14), 422–426. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6914e4

Chen, J., et al. (2020). The clinical and immunological features of pediatric COVID-19 patients in China. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2020.03.008

Cristiani, L., Mancino, E., Matera, L., Nenna, R., Pierangeli, A., Scagnolari, C., & Midulla, F. (2020). Will children reveal their secret? The coronavirus dilemma. European Respiratory Journal, 55(6), 2001617. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01617-2020

de Wit, E., van Doremalen, N., Falzarano, D., & Munster, V. J. (2016). SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 14(8), 523–534. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81

Dhochak, N., Singhal, T., Kabra, S. K., & Lodha, R. (2020). Pathophysiology of COVID-19: Why Children Fare Better than Adults? The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 87(7), 537–546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03322-y

Dong, Y., et al. (2020). Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Children in China. Pediatrics, 145(6), 20200702. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0702

Frieden, T. R., & Lee, C. T. (2020). Identifying and Interrupting Superspreading Events—Implications for Control of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(6), 1059–1066. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200495

Hoffmann, M., et al. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell, 181(2), 271-280.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052

Huang, C., et al. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5

IDAI. (2020). Panduan Klinis Tata Laksana COVID-19 pada Anak IKATAN DOKTER ANAK INDONESIA. https://www.idai.or.id/about-idai/idai-statement/panduan-klinis-tata-laksana-covid-19-pada-anak

Istituto Superiore di Sanità . (2020). Epidemia COVID-19 Aggiornamento nazionale: 19 marzo 2020. roma: Istituto Superiore di Sanità .

Jawetz, E., Melnick, J. L., & Adelberg, E. A. (2013). Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg’s medical microbiology (28th ed.). United States: McGraw-Hill.

Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2020). Pedoman Pencegahan dan Pengendalian COVID-19. Kementrian Kesehatan Repbulik Indonesia, 0–115.

Lee-Archer, P., & von Ungern-Sternberg, B. S. (2020). Paediatric Anaesthetic implications of COVID-19 - A Review of Current Literature. Paediatric Anaesthesia. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.13889

Liguoro, I., et al. (2020). SARS-COV-2 infection in children and newborns: a systematic review. European Journal of Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03684-7

Liu, K., et al. (2020). Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: A comparison with young and middle-aged patients. Journal of Infection, 80(6), e14–e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005

Lu, X., et al. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(17), 1663–1665. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2005073

Melgosa, M., et al. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 infection in Spanish children with chronic kidney pathologies. Pediatric Nephrology, 35(8), 1521–1524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04597-1

Miller, A., et al. (2020). Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study. MedRxiv, 03(24), 085201. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937

Netea, M. et al. (2020). Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 20(6), 375–388. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0285-6

PDPI (Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia). (2020). Panduan Praktik Klinis: Pneumonia 2019-nCoV. In PDPI (p. 5). JAKARTA: PDPI.

Rothan, H. A., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 109(February), 102433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433

Satgas COVID-19. 2020. Situasi Virus COVID-19 di Indonesia. Retrieved from Peta Sebaran | Satgas Penanganan COVID-19

Setiabudi, D. (2020). Dampak Pandemi COVID-19 terhadap Kesehatan Anak. JAWA BARAT.

Shahid, Z., et al. (2020). COVIDâ€19 and Older Adults: What We Know. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(5), 926–929. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16472

Singh, T., et al. (2020). Lessons From COVID-19 in Children: Key Hypotheses to Guide Preventative and Therapeutic Strategies. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 22(3), 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa547

Sun, D., et al. (2020). Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center’s observational study. World Journal of Pediatrics, 16(3), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00354-4

Susilo, A., et al. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019: Tinjauan Literatur Terkini. Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia, 7(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.7454/jpdi.v7i1.415

Wang, Z., Qiang, W., & Ke, H. (2020). A Handbook of 2019-nCoV Pneumonia Control and Prevention. In Hubei Science and technology press. Retrieved from http://fpmpam.org/files/Handbook_2019nCoV.pdf

Wardhana, Datau., et al. (2011). The efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccinations for the prevention of acute upper respiratory tract infection in the elderly. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 43(3), 185–190. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21979284

Wiersinga, W. J., Rhodes, A., Cheng, A. C., Peacock, S. J., & Prescott, H. C. (2020). Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 324(8), 782–793. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12839

World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Clinical Management of COVID-19 Interim Guidance. Retrieved from. Clinical management of COVID-19 (who.int)

World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Coronavirus disease COVID-2019 (Vol. 8). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200607-covid-19-sitrep-139.pdf?sfvrsn=79dc6d08_2

Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020). Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China. JAMA, 323(13), 1239. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648

Xia, W., et al. (2020). Clinical and CT features in pediatric patients with COVIDâ€19 infection: Different points from adults. Pediatric Pulmonology, 55(5), 1169–1174. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24718

Zhang, H., Penninger, J. M., Li, Y., Zhong, N., & Slutsky, A. S. (2020). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Medicine, 46(4), 586–590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-05985-9

Zhao, W., Zhong, Z., Xie, X., Yu, Q., & Liu, J. (2020). Relation Between Chest CT Findings and Clinical Conditions of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Multicenter Study. American Journal of Roentgenology, 214(5), 1072–1077. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.22976

Zhou, P., et al. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 579(7798), 270–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7

Zhu, N., et al. (2020). A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 727–733. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017

Authors

Mohammad Husin
mohammad_husin@yahoo.com (Primary Contact)
Gina Noor Djalilah
R A Kaniraras
Afrita Amalia Laitupa
Author Biography

Mohammad Husin, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya

Pendidikan Dokter
Husin, M., Djalilah, G. N., Kaniraras, R. A., & Laitupa, A. A. (2021). The difference in severity and management between children and adult’s cases of COVID-19. Qanun Medika - Medical Journal Faculty of Medicine Muhammadiyah Surabaya, 5(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.30651/jqm.v5i1.6229

Article Details

Significant Correlation Between Pain Severity and Lumbosacral Radiology Findings in Patients with Low Back Pain

Nabila Sarah Shafira, Laily Irfana, Muslim Andala Putra, Brilliant Citra Wirashada
Abstract View : 41
Download :25

Preventive Health Behaviors Associated with Recurrent Acute Respiratory Infections: A Case-Based Epidemiological Study

Elman Boy, Doli Naufal Ritonga, Muhammad Idlal Yusriyyah Girsang, Aria Adhaini Malau
Abstract View : 38
Download :28

Management of Habitual Patellar Dislocation in Pediatrics

Panji - Sananta, Ade Churie Tanjaya, Eka Noviya Fuzianingsih
Abstract View : 624
Download :413

Community perception and experience of health services in the midst of an earthquake and COVID-19 pandemic: A phenomenological study

Gadis Meinar Sari, Amrina Rosyada, David Nugraha, Farida Fitriana, Alifina Izza, Silvia Maya Ananta
Abstract View : 724
Download :332

Medical education in clerkship: From here and out

Bintang Arroyantri Prananjaya, Zain Budi Syulthoni, Ziske Maritska, Lathifah Nudhar, Syarifah...
Abstract View : 719
Download :287

The anxiety level of pregnant women at Siti Khodijah Muhammadiyah Sepanjang Hospital during COVID-19 pandemic

Ninuk Dwi Ariningtyas, Aulia Nuril Islamy, Roni Subagyo, Muhammad Anas
Abstract View : 496
Download :274

Relationship between physical activity and hypertension in adults in the working area of Puskesmas Tampaksiring I

Dewa Ngakan Gede Sathyananda Wacika, Pande Ayu Naya Kasih Permatananda, Eka Ariawan Suyasa
Abstract View : 1118
Download :619