Analisis Perkembangan Pemikiran Ekonomi Klasik: Dari Merkantilisme Hingga Marxisme
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30651/jms.v9i1.21995Abstract
Abstrak
Penelitian ini menguraikan latar belakang perkembangan pemikiran ekonomi klasik secara kronologis, dimulai dari merkantilisme pada abad ke-16 hingga marxisme pada pertengahan abad ke-19. Merkantilisme menekankan akumulasi kekayaan bangsa melalui surplus perdagangan internasional. Pemikiran ini kemudian dikritik Adam Smith yang mengemukakan bahwa sumber kemakmuran adalah tenaga kerja produktif, bukan emas atau perak. David Ricardo melengkapi pemikiran ekonomi klasik dengan teori comparative advantage. John Stuart Mill menyempurnakan ekonomi klasik dengan menekankan peran pemerintah. Karl Marx melontarkan kritik tajam terhadap kapitalisme dan mengemukakan konsep sosialisme dan komunisme. Menurut Marx, kapitalisme didasarkan pada eksploitasi kaum buruh oleh pemilik modal. Ia memprediksi kapitalisme pada akhirnya akan runtuh dan digantikan sistem sosialisme serta komunisme. Friedrich Engels melengkapi Marx dengan mengaitkan teori tersebut pada evolusi historis kepemilikan pribadi dan negara. Pemikiran Marx dikembangkan oleh David Harvey dalam kacamata geografi untuk mengkritisi struktur ekonomi-politik urban. Sementara itu melalui penelitiannya tentang ketimpangan global, Thomas Piketty mengaktualisasikan kembali pertanyaan Marx tentang akumulasi modal. Dengan demikian, meskipun ada banyak perbedaan, secara substansial pemikiran para ekonom klasik dan Marx saling melengkapi dalam memahami dinamika historis perekonomian.
Kata Kunci: pemikiran ekonomi, merkantilisme, ekonomi klasik, Marxisme, materialisme
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