Analisis Putusan PA Amuntai Nomor 80/Pdt.G/2025 tentang Nafkah Madhiyah Perspektif Penemuan Hukum Paul Scholten dan Empat Madzhab
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30651/mqsd.v15i2.31675Abstract
Perkawinan dalam Islam melahirkan kewajiban nafkah yang mengikat secara hukum. Ketika kewajiban itu tidak ditunaikan, lahirlah nafkah madhiyah (nafkah masa lampau) sebagai hutang yang dapat dituntut melalui pengadilan. Namun Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) tidak mengatur nafkah madhiyah secara eksplisit, sehingga menimbulkan kekosongan norma yang berpotensi merugikan istri. Artikel ini mengkaji bagaimana Majelis Hakim melakukan penemuan hukum (rechtsvinding) dalam menetapkan besaran nafkah madhiyah secara proporsional, dengan menjadikan Putusan Pengadilan Agama Amuntai Nomor 80/Pdt.G/2025/PA.Amt sebagai objek studi, ditinjau dari perspektif empat mazhab dan teori penemuan hukum Paul Scholten. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis-normatif dengan pendekatan kasus. Analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan bahan hukum primer meliputi putusan pengadilan, KHI, dan undang-undang perkawinan; bahan sekunder mencakup kitab fikih dan literatur akademik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa empat mazhab berbeda pendapat: Mazhab Hanafi mensyaratkan penetapan hakim, sedangkan Mazhab Syafi'i, Hambali, dan Maliki menyatakan kewajiban nafkah madhiyah lahir otomatis dari akad nikah, dengan perbedaan hanya pada kapasitas finansial suami. Majelis Hakim menerapkan rechtsvinding melalui penilaian status nusyuz istri, pengakuan suami sebagai dasar pembuktian, dan kalkulasi dua fase berdasarkan kondisi ekonomi suami semasa aktif dinas dan pascapensiun. Penelitian ini menawarkan penemuan hukum sebagai dimensi epistemik tanggung jawab yudisial dalam mengatasi kekosongan norma nafkah madhiyah di Indonesia.
Kata Kunci: Nafkah Madhiyah, Penemuan Hukum, Kompilasi Hukum Islam, Pengadilan Agama, Perbandingan Mazhab.
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