Sejarah Perlindungan Hak Waris Anak Yatim: Analisis Hukum Dalam Al-Qur'an Surah An-Nisa' Ayat 6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30651/mqsd.v14i3.28864Abstract
Pada periode pra-Islam, tatanan sosial Jahiliyah sangat memarginalkan anak yatim, di mana hak waris secara eksklusif hanya diberikan kepada laki-laki dewasa yang kapabel secara militer. Akibatnya, posisi anak yatim menjadi sangat rentan terhadap eksploitasi aset oleh wali atau kerabat yang lebih kuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis yuridis-historis secara mendalam terhadap Surah An-Nisa' ayat 6. Fokus utama penelitian adalah untuk membedah dan mengkonstruksikan mekanisme hukum presisi yang ditetapkan Al-Qur'an dalam memberikan perlindungan hak waris anak yatim. Menggunakan metode kualitatif studi kepustakaan (library research) dengan pendekatan yuridis-historis, penelitian ini menerapkan analisis isi (content analysis) terhadap Al-Qur'an sebagai sumber primer serta literatur tafsir dan fikih terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ayat ini mengintroduksi sebuah revolusi yuridis, mentransformasi status anak yatim dari objek pasif menjadi subjek hukum yang kemandiriannya harus diverifikasi. Penyerahan harta tidak hanya didasarkan pada kedewasaan fisik (balaghun-nikāḥ), tetapi secara kumulatif bergantung pada verifikasi kematangan intelektual-finansial (rusydan). Rusydan didefinisikan sebagai kapabilitas ganda: kemampuan mengelola aset (husnu al-tasarruf) dan integritas agama (Salah al-Din). Konsekuensinya, wali wajib menahan harta dari individu yang telah balig namun masih safih (belum cakap finansial), selaras dengan prinsip Hifzhu al-Mal. Penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam menegaskan bahwa kerangka hukum Al-Qur'an menyediakan mekanisme perwalian yang akuntabel dan protektif, yang mensyaratkan verifikasi kapabilitas objektif melampaui sekadar batas usia kronologis.
Kata Kunci: Hak Waris, Perlindungan Anak Yatim, Surah An-Nisa' Ayat 6, Rusydan, Hifzhu al-Mal.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ade Novianto

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, copyright of the article shall be assigned to Jurnal Maqasid: Jurnal Studi Hukum Islam, Departmen Islamic Family Law, Faculty Of Islamic Religiuos, Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya as publisher of the journal.
Copyright encompasses exclusive rights to reproduce and deliver the article in all form and media, including reprints, photographs, microfilms and any other similar reproductions, as well as translations. The reproduction of any part of this journal, its storage in databases and its transmission by any form or media, such as electronic, electrostatic and mechanical copies, photocopies, recordings, magnetic media, etc., will be allowed only with a written permission from Jurnal Maqasid: Jurnal Studi Hukum Islam, Departmen Islamic Family Law, Faculty Of Islamic Religiuos, Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya.
Faculty Of Islamic Religiuos Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya, the Editors and the Advisory Editorial Board make every effort to ensure that no wrong or misleading data, opinions or statements be published in the journal. In any way, the contents of the articles and advertisements published in the Maqasid are sole and exclusive responsibility of their respective authors and advertisers.
Rights of Authors
The Jurnal Maqasid: Jurnal Studi Hukum Islam, Departmen Islamic Family Law, Faculty Of Islamic Religiuos, Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya recognize the retention of the following:
- Patent and trademark rights and rights to any process or procedure described in the article.
- The right to photocopy or make single electronic copies of the article for their own personal use, including for their own classroom use, or for the personal use of colleagues, provided the copies are not offered for sale and are not distributed in a systematic way outside of their employing institution (e.g. via an e-mail list or public file server). Posting of an article on a secure network (not accessible to the public) within the author’s institution is permitted.
- The right, subsequent to publication, to use the article or any part thereof free of charge in a printed compilation of works of their own, such as collected writings or lecture notes.

