Changes in histopathological features of adolescent rat livers due to subchronic exposure to Chlorpyrifos, Carbofuran, and Cypermethrin
Article Sidebar
December 30, 2022
May 30, 2023
July 24, 2023
Abstract
Insecticides are the most widely used type of pesticide in various fields, such as agriculture, plantation, industry, and household activities. Only 1% of the insecticides used work effectively to attack the target and the remaining 99% are released freely into water, soil, and air and finally have an impact on non-target organisms. Chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and cypermethrin were the most widely used insecticides in their respective groups, namely, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. This study aims to determine the changes in histopathological features of adolescent rat livers due to subchronic exposure to chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and cypermethrin. Adolescent livers have a faster regeneration rate but are more susceptible to damage than the older age group. This study used 30 male Wistar rats which were divided into 5 groups, namely, normal group (N), control group (K), chlorpyrifos group (P1), carbofuran group (P2), and cypermethrin group (P3). Subcutaneous injection of insecticide was carried out for 21 days. The scoring method used in the histopathological observations is Manja Roenigk score. Data analysis used the ANOVA test and continued with the LSD post hoc test. In this study, significant results were obtained, P<0.05, which indicated that there were significant differences in the histopathological features of the liver that were exposed to chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and cypermethrin. The picture of liver damage was mostly found in the carbofuran group.
References
Abdou, R. H., & Sayed, N. (2019). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nano-Selenium against Cypermethrin-Induced Liver Toxicity, 53–65. https://doi.org/10.4236/cellbio.2019.84004
Akashe, M. M. (2018). CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES : A REVIEW, (May 2020). https://doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.094131
Al-omar, M. S., Naz, M., Mohammed, S. A. A., & Mansha, M. (2020). Pyrethroid-Induced Organ Toxicity and Anti-Oxidant-Supplemented Amelioration of Toxicity and Organ Damage : The Protective Roles of Ascorbic Acid and α -Tocopherol. doi:10.3390/ijerph17176177. Website:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7503327/pdf/ijerph-17-06177.pdf
Aouey, B., Derbali, M., Chtourou, Y., & Bouchard, M. (2017). Pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin and its metabolites induce liver injury through the activation of oxidative stress and proinflammatory gene expression in rats following acute and subchronic exposure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8323-4
Asrianti, A., Legowo, D., Maslachah, L., & Muhammad, E. P. Y. (2020). The Effect of Carbofuran Exposure on Mice During Lactation Period Against on Histopathology Description of The Heart of Mice ( Mus Musculus ) Offspring, 12(4), 4646–4653. https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2020.12.04.327
Casida, J. E., & Bryant, R. J. (2017). The ABCs of pesticide toxicology: amounts, biology, and chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tx00198c
Chowański, S., Kudlewska, M., Marciniak, P., & Rosiński, G. (2014). Synthetic Insecticides – is There an Alternative ?, (January). Website: http://www.pjoes.com/Synthetic-Insecticides-is-There-an-Alternative-,89194,0,2.html
Deborah, S., & Rowland, J. (2000). Toxicology Chapter for Chlorpyrifos. Website: https://archive.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/web/pdf/hed_ra.pdf
Dias, E., Garcia, F., Morais, S., & Pereira, M. D. L. (2015). A Review on the Assessment of the Potential Adverse Health Impacts of Carbamate Pesticides. doi: 10.5772/59613. Website: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/48017
El-Damaty, E.-S. M. A. A.-R. H. F., Rowayshed, G., & Fahmy., H. M. (2012). Biochemical and histopathological effects of systemic pesticides on some functional organs of male albino rats Biochemical and Histopathological Effects of Systemic Pesticides on Some Functional, (October). Website: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286292321_Biochemical_and_histopathological_effects_of_systemic_pesticides_on_some_functional_organs_of_male_albino_rats
Eleršek, T., & Filipi, M. (2006). Organophosphorus Pesticides - Mechanisms Of Their Toxicity. Website: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/13231
Giri, S., Giri, A., & Sharma, G. D. (2003). Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by cypermethrin and carbosulfan in bone marrow cells of mice in vivo, 18(1), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/18.1.53
Gupta, R. C., & Milatovic, D. (2014). Chapter 23. Insecticides, (Cm), 389–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-404630-6.00023-3
Irmawartini, Nurhaedah. (2017). Metodologi Penelitian. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan
Ismail, A. A., Hendy, O., Rasoul, G. A., Olson, J. R., Bonner, M. R., & Rohlman, D. S. (2021). Acute and Cumulative Effects of Repeated Exposure to Egyptian Adolescents. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9060137
Jaiswal, S. K., Gupta, V. K., Siddiqi, N. J., Pandey, R. S., & Sharma, B. (2015). Hepatoprotective Effect of Citrus limon Fruit Extract against Carbofuran Induced Toxicity in Wistar Rats, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/686071
Karami-mohajeri, S., Ahmadipour, A., & Rahimi, H. (2017). Adverse effects of organophosphorus pesticides on the liver : a brief summary of four decades of research, (Figure 1), 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2989
Kayode, O., Adesola, F., Teslim, D., Arinola, A., & Dorcas, A. (2019). Heliyon Oxidative stress and in fl ammation following sub-lethal oral exposure of cypermethrin in rats : mitigating potential of epicatechin. Heliyon, 5(July), e02274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02274
Khan, M. A., & Ahmad, W. (2019). Microbes for Sustainable lnsect Pest Management (Vol. 1). Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Website: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-23045-6
Kirschmann, E. K., Pollock, M. W., Nagarajan, V., & Torregrossa, M. M. (2018). Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Development of working memory in the male adolescent rat. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, (November), 0–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2018.11.003
Kumar, V. A., K. Abbas, & J. C. Aster. (2013). Robbin’s Basic Pathology. 9th edition. Singapore: Elsevier. Terjemahan oleh Nasar I. M., dan S. Cornain. 2015. Buku Ajar Patologi Robbins. Edisi 9. Singapore: Elsevier
Liem, J. F., Mansyur, M., Soemarko, D. S., Kekalih, A., Subekti, I., Suyatna, F. D., … Pangaribuan, B. (2021). Cumulative exposure characteristics of vegetable farmers exposed to Chlorpyrifos in Central Java – Indonesia ; a cross- sectional study, 1–9. Website: https://scholar.ui.ac.id/en/publications/cumulative-exposure-characteristics-of-vegetable-farmers-exposed-
Madiyono, Bambang. (2014). Perkiraan Besar Sampel. Di dalam Dasar-Dasar Metodologi Penelitian Klinis, Edisi ke-5. Jakarta
Mahna, D., Puri,S., Shama, S. (2019). Cypermethrin Induced Liver Toxicity Alered Gene Expression and DNA Methylation. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.621.9
Pascal, F., Manfo, T., Mboe, S. A., Nantia, E. A., Ngoula, F., Telefo, P. B., … Cho-ngwa, F. (2020). Evaluation of the Effects of Agro Pesticides Use on Liver and Kidney Function in Farmers from Buea , Cameroon, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2305764
Patel, J. (2017). TOXICOPATHOLOGY OF INDUCED CARBOFURAN TOXICITY IN WISTAR RATS, (January 2014). Website: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5063722/pdf/nihms-786028.pdf
Pearson, J. N., & Patel, M. (2016). The role of oxidative stress in organophosphate and nerve agent toxicity, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13115
Pratama, D. A. O. A. (2019). The Study of Organophosphate (Diazinon) Toxicity Toward Liver Histopathology ity Toward Liver Histopathology a nd Malondialdehyde (Mda) Serum Levels On Rats (Rattus norvegicus), 1(2), 15–23. Website: https://vbcj.ub.ac.id/index.php/vbcj/article/view/12/12
Purushothaman, B. P., & Kuttan, R. (2017). Protective Effect of Curcumin Against Carbofuran- Induced Toxicity in Wistar Rats, 36(1), 73–86. Website: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28605332/
Rai, D. K., & Sharma, Æ. B. (2007). Carbofuran-Induced Oxidative Stress in Mammalian Brain, 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-007-0046-9
Riar, N. K. (2014). Chemical Profile, 1, 449–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.01169-6
Sachana, M., Flaskos, J., Nikolaidis, E., Hargreaves, A., Alexaki-tzivanidou, E., Sachana, M., & Al, E. T. (2001). Inhibition of Rat Platelet 5-Hydroxytryptamine Uptake by Chlorpyrifos and Carbaryl, 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0901-9928.2001.890409.x
Schmucker, D. L., & Sanchez, H. (2011). Liver Regeneration and Aging : A Current Perspective, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/526379
Sengupta, P. (2013). The Laboratory Rat : Relating Its Age with Human ’ s, 4(624), 2–8. Website:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3733029/pdf/IJPVM-4-624.pdf
Song, X. dan W. Point. 2014. Mechanism of toxicity. 1:673–674. Website: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Carbofuran
Tanvir, E. M., Afroz, R., Chowdhury, M. A. Z., Gan, S. H., Karim, N., Islam, M. N., & Khalil, M. I. (2016). A model of chlorpyrifos distribution and its biochemical effects on the liver and kidneys of rats. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327115614384
Uzun, F. G., & Kalender, Y. (2013). Chlorpyrifos induced hepatotoxic and hematologic changes in rats : The role of quercetin and catechin. FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY, 55, 549–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.056
Yuningtyaswari, & Mega, S. D. (2020). The Effect of Phoenix Dactylifera Pollen on Histology Liver of Rattus norvegicus Exposed with Air Fresheners, (October), 13–14. Website: http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/36464?show=full
Authors
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Ihwan Narwanto, Siti Jamalia, Yuli Hermansyah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Qanun Medika by FK UM Surabaya is liscence under Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi 4.0 Internasional.
