Studi literatur mengenai anak usia sekolah dasar dengan ADHD: Perspektif neuropsikologi

Qaulan Sadida; Sarlina K Tunliu; Fatimah; Novia Kartikasari; Debrinna T Asmaradhani

doi:10.30651/else.v8i1.20868

Authors

Qaulan Sadida Universitas Gadjah Mada
Sarlina K Tunliu Universitas Gadjah Mada
Fatimah Universitas Gadjah Mada
Novia Kartikasari Universitas Gadjah Mada
Debrinna T Asmaradhani Universitas Gadjah Mada

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30651/else.v8i1.20868

Abstract

ADHD is a neurological developmental disorder that mostly affects children. Its characteristics in the form of inattention, disorganization and hyperactivity-impulsivity make it difficult for children to think and behave typically at home and at school. Researchers conducted a literature review on brain disorders in elementary school-aged children with ADHD to determine the level of damage and deviations that occurred. The method used was an integrative literature review using the PRISMA technique to extract 10 relevant articles from the Scopus and PubMed databases. The result is that the parts of the brain affected are the frontal, prefrontal, parietal, temporal, caudate, gyrus, cerebellum, and networks found in the brain such as the salience network, default mode network, and dorsal attention network. Elementary school age children (6 - 15 years) who have ADHD, regardless of sub-type, are prone to experiencing difficulties in sustained attention, response inhibition, memory and decision making. Parents and teachers are expected to help children's growth and development with disciplinary interventions such as understanding ADHD, collaboration with parties who frequently interact with children, consistent routines, a conducive environment, and positive reinforcement.

References

Abazari, K., Mahdavi, M., & Darvishi, A. (2017). Neuropsychological characteristics and theory of mind in ADHD and normal students. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 19(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.22038/JFMH.2016.8146

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association.

Barbas, H., García-Cabezas, M. Á., & Zikopoulos, B. (2013). Frontal-thalamic circuits associated with language. Brain and Language, 126(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2012.10.001

Brown, F. C., Roth, R. M., & Katz, L. J. (2015). Allocentric but not egocentric visual memory difficulties in adults with ADHD may represent cognitive inefficiency. Psychiatry Research, 228(3), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.051

Callahan, J. L. (2010). Constructing a manuscript: Distinguishing integrative literature reviews and conceptual and theory articles. Human Resource Development Review, 9(3), 300–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484310371492

Cao, M., Shu, N., Cao, Q., Wang, Y., & He, Y. (2014). Imaging functional and structural brain connectomics in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Molecular Neurobiology, 50(3), 1111–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-014-8685-x

Catherine, Tg., Robert, N., Mala, Kk., Kanniammal, C., & Arullapan, J. (2019). Assessment of prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among schoolchildren in selected schools. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(3), 232. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_333_17

CHADD. (2023). General prevalence of ADHD. Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD). https://chadd.org/about-adhd/general-prevalence/

Curchack-Lichtin, J. T., Chacko, A., & Halperin, J. M. (2014). Changes in ADHD symptom endorsement: Preschool to school age. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(6), 993–1004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9834-9

Duffy, K. A., Rosch, K. S., Nebel, M. B., Seymour, K. E., Lindquist, M. A., Pekar, J. J., Mostofsky, S. H., & Cohen, J. R. (2021). Increased integration between default mode and task-relevant networks in children with ADHD is associated with impaired response control. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 50, 100980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100980

Elmaghraby, R., & Garayalde, S. (2022, June). What is ADHD? American Psychiatric Association. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/adhd/what-is-adhd

Fateh, A. A., Huang, W., Hassan, M., Zhuang, Y., Lin, J., Luo, Y., Yang, B., & Zeng, H. (2023). Default mode network connectivity and social dysfunction in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 23(4), 100393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100393

Halassa, M. M. (2018). Fronto-thalamic Architectures for Cognitive Algorithms. Neuron, 98(2), 237–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.04.006

Jiang, K., Yi, Y., Li, L., Li, H., Shen, H., Zhao, F., Xu, Y., & Zheng, A. (2019). Functional network connectivity changes in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder: A resting‐state fMRI study. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 78(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.07.003

Kóbor, A., Takács, Á., Bryce, D., Szűcs, D., Honbolygó, F., Nagy, P., & Csépe, V. (2015). Children with ADHD show impairments in multiple stages of information processing in a stroop task: An ERP study. Developmental Neuropsychology, 40(6), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2015.1086770

Konrad, K., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2010). Is the ADHD brain wired differently? A review on structural and functional connectivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 31(6), 904–916. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21058

Koutsoklenis, A., & Honkasilta, J. (2023). ADHD in the DSM-5-TR: What has changed and what has not. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 1064141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1064141

Krain, A. L., & Castellanos, F. X. (2006). Brain development and ADHD. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(4), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.005

Kristanto, Y. (2022). Identifying attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children and effective teaching strategies that develop their multiple intelligences. Edunesia: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 4(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.51276/edu.v4i1.289

Kumar, U., Arya, A., & Agarwal, V. (2017). Neural alterations in ADHD children as indicated by voxel-based cortical thickness and morphometry analysis. Brain and Development, 39(5), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2016.12.002

Luo, N., Luo, X., Zheng, S., Yao, D., Zhao, M., Cui, Y., Zhu, Y., Calhoun, V. D., Sun, L., & Sui, J. (2023). Aberrant brain dynamics and spectral power in children with ADHD and its subtypes. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(11), 2223–2234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02068-6

Machinskaya, R. I., Semenova, O. A., Absatova, K. A., & Sugrobova, G. A. (2014). Neurophysiological factors associated with cognitive deficits in children with ADHD symptoms: EEG and neuropsychological analysis. Psychology & Neuroscience, 7(4), 461–473. https://doi.org/10.3922/j.psns.2014.4.05

Mowinckel, A. M., Alnæs, D., Pedersen, M. L., Ziegler, S., Fredriksen, M., Kaufmann, T., Sonuga-Barke, E., Endestad, T., Westlye, L. T., & Biele, G. (2017). Increased default-mode variability is related to reduced task-performance and is evident in adults with ADHD. NeuroImage: Clinical, 16, 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2017.03.008

Mu, S., Wu, H., Zhang, J., & Chang, C. (2022). Structural Brain Changes and Associated Symptoms of ADHD Subtypes in Children. Cerebral Cortex, 32(6), 1152–1158. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab276

Muya, A., Indra Yani, D., & Ropi, H. (2019). Quality of life school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in SLB C Bandung. Asian Community Health Nursing Research, 34. https://doi.org/10.29253/achnr.2019.13413

Nava, E., Flores-Lázaro, J. C., Sánchez, H., & García, F. (2022). Effects of comorbidity on executive functions among children with ADHD, finding trends. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2022.2135440

Pakaya, W. C., Sutadji, E., Dina, L. N. A. B., Rahma, F. I., Mashfufah, A., & Ayu, I. R. (2023). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Nawa Litera Publishing.

Pang, X., Wang, H., Dill, S.-E., Boswell, M., Pang, X., Singh, M., & Rozelle, S. (2021). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among elementary students in rural China: Prevalence, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 484–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.014

Poissant, H., Rapin, L., Chenail, S., & Mendrek, A. (2016). Forethought in Youth with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An fMRI Study of Sex-Specific Differences. Psychiatry Journal, 2016, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6810215

Qiu, M., Ye, Z., Li, Q., Liu, G., Xie, B., & Wang, J. (2011). Changes of brain structure and function in ADHD children. Brain Topography, 24(3–4), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-010-0168-4

Rennie, B., Beebe-Frankenberger, M., & Swanson, H. L. (2014). A longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning and academic achievement in children with and without signs of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36(6), 621–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.921284

Robinson, T., & Tripp, G. (2013). Neuropsychological functioning in children with ADHD: Symptom persistence is linked to poorer performance on measures of executive and nonexecutive function. Japanese Psychological Research, 55(2), 154–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12005

Salari, N., Ghasemi, H., Abdoli, N., Rahmani, A., Shiri, M. H., Hashemian, A. H., Akbari, H., & Mohammadi, M. (2023). The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 49(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-023-01456-1

Saputro, D. (2009). ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder). Sagung Seto.

Tang, C., Wei, Y., Zhao, J., & Nie, J. (2018). Different Developmental Pattern of Brain Activities in ADHD: A Study of Resting-State fMRI. Developmental Neuroscience, 40(3), 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490289

Tarle, S. J., Alderson, R. M., Patros, C. H. G., Arrington, E. F., & Roberts, D. K. (2019). Working memory and behavioral inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An examination of varied central executive demands, construct overlap, and task impurity. Child Neuropsychology, 25(5), 664–687. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2018.1519068

Ter-Stepanian, M., Grizenko, N., Wang, T., Fortier, M.-È., & Joober, R. (2022). 3.5 Math difficulties and ADHD: Understanding the executive function and clinical profiles. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(10), 229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2022.09.284

Wexler, B. E., & Kish, R. (2023). Using micro-cognition biomarkers of neurosystem dysfunction to define ADHD subtypes: A scalable digital path to diagnosis based on brain function [Preprint]. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.22.23284871

Wiguna, T., Wigantara, N. A., Ismail, R. I., Kaligis, F., Minayati, K., Bahana, R., & Dirgantoro, B. (2020). A four-step method for the development of an ADHD-VR digital game diagnostic tool prototype for children using a DL model. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 829. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00829

Wu, Z.-M., Bralten, J., Cao, Q.-J., Hoogman, M., Zwiers, M. P., An, L., Sun, L., Yang, L., Zang, Y.-F., Franke, B., & Wang, Y.-F. (2017). White matter microstructural alterations in children with ADHD: Categorical and dimensional perspectives. Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(2), 572–580. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.223

Wu, Z.-M., Wang, P., Liu, J., Liu, L., Cao, X.-L., Sun, L., Yang, L., Cao, Q.-J., Wang, Y.-F., & Yang, B.-R. (2023). The clinical, neuropsychological, and brain functional characteristics of the ADHD restrictive inattentive presentation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1099882. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1099882

Yu, X., Yuan, B., Cao, Q., An, L., Wang, P., Vance, A., Silk, T. J., Zang, Y., Wang, Y., & Sun, L. (2016). Frequency-specific abnormalities in regional homogeneity among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A resting-state fMRI study. Science Bulletin, 61(9), 682–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-015-0823-y