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Abstract: DESCRIPTION OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINTANT IN TOOTHBRUSH. Brushing activity is an effort to keep oral hygiene from pathogenic microorganisms that can cause infection. Oral infection has been an increasingly common risk factor for systemic disease. Oral infections, especially periodontitis, can affect travel and pathogenesis of a number of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, bacterial pneumonia, diabetes mellitus, and low birth weight. Keeping your teeth and mouth clean is not enough just brushing your teeth, but replace the toothbrush for a maximum of three months. This study aims to identify the contaminant bacteria found on toothbrushes that have been used for more than 3 months. The method of identification by planting the isolation result of 20 toothbrushes has been used for more than three months on selective media ie blood agar (AD), McConkey Agar (MCA), Eosin Methylen Blue (EMB), Manitol Salt Agar (MSA) . The results showed that all samples of toothbrush were contaminated with Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, 16 samples were Klebsiella (80%), four samples (20%) were Proteus, and one sample (5%) was contaminated with Escherichia. All of the toothbrush samples showed to have been contaminated by bacteria. Bacterial contamination of the toothbrush can be caused by the storage of a toothbrush that is too close to the toilet and toilet, possibly exposed through aerosols containing intestinal bacteria. This toothbrush contamination plays an important role in both oral and systemic diseases, including septicemia and gastrointestinal, respiratory cardiovascularmy, and kidney problems.
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Abstrak: GAMBARAN BAKTERI KONTAMINAN PADA SIKAT GIGI. Kegiatan menyikat gigi merupakan upaya untuk menjaga kebersihan gigi dan mulut dari mikroorganisme pathogen yang dapat menyebabkan infeksi. Infeksi mulut telah menjadi faktor risiko yang semakin umum untuk penyakit sistemik. Infeksi mulut, terutama periodontitis, dapat mempengaruhi patogenesis dari sejumlah penyakit sistemik, seperti penyakit kardiovaskular, pneumonia bakteri, diabetes mellitus, dan berat badan lahir rendah. Menjaga kebersihan gigi dan mulut tidak cukup hanya menyikat gigi saja, melainkan mengganti sikat gigi maksimal tiga bulan sekali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bakteri kontaminan yang terdapat pada pada sikat gigi yang telah digunakan selama lebih dari 3 bulan. Metode identifikasi dengan melakukan penanaman hasil isolasi 20 sikat gigi yang telah digunakan selama lebih dari tiga bulan pada media selektif yaitu agar darah (AD), McConkey Agar (MCA), Eosin Methylen Blue (EMB), Manitol Salt Agar (MSA) dengan metode gores. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua sampel sikat gigi terkontaminasi Streptococcus dan Staphylococcus, 16 sampel terdapat Klebsiella (80%), pada empat sampel (20%) terdapat Proteus, dan satu sampel (5%) terkontaminasi Escherichia. Semua sampel sikat gigi menunjukkan telah terkontaminasi oleh bakteri. Kontaminasi bakteri pada sikat gigi ini dapat disebabkan oleh penyimpanan sikat gigi yang terlalu dekat dengan jamban, sehingga kemungkinan terpapar melalui aerosol yang mengandung bakteri usus. Kontaminasi sikat gigi ini memegang peranan penting pada penyakit oral maupun sistemik, termasuk septikemia dan gastrointestinal, kardiovaskularm pernapasan, dan masalah ginjal.
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Referensi
- Advanced Response Corporation. (2014). Up to 3,000 times the bacterial growth on hollow-head toothbrushes. Diambil 23 Juli 2018, dari https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140828115226.htm
- Bagg, J., Smith, A. J., & Jackson, M. S. (2001). The ecology of Staphylococcus species in the oral cavity. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 50(11), 940–946. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-50-11-940
- BPPK, K. R. (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013.
- Chiller, K., Selkin, B. A., & Murakawa, G. J. (2001). Skin Microflora and Bacterial Infections of the Skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings, 6(3), 170–174. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.00043.x
- Fleming, A., Voureka, A., Kramer, I. R. H., & Hughes, W. H. (1950). The morphology and motility of Proteus vulgaris and other organisms cultured in the presence of penicillin. Microbiology, 4(2), 257–269.
- Guo, Y., Cen, Z., Zou, Y., Fang, X., Li, T., Wang, J., … Liu, C. (2012). Whole-genome sequence of Klebsiella pneumonia strain LCT-KP214. Journal of Bacteriology, 194(12), 3281. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00531-12
- Hill, M. J., & Marsh, P. D. (1989). Human Microbial Ecology. CRC Press.
- Joshi, S. R. (2007). Microbes:redefined Personality. APH Publishing.
- Komiyama, E. Y., Back-Brito, G. N., Balducci, I., & Koga-Ito, C. Y. (2010). Evaluation of alternative methods for the disinfection of toothbrushes. Brazilian Oral Research, 24(1), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242010000100005
- Krzyściak, W., Pluskwa, K. K., Jurczak, A., & Kościelniak, D. (2013). The pathogenicity of the Streptococcus genus. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 32(11), 1361–1376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-013-1914-9
- Li, X., Kolltveit, K. M., Tronstad, L., & Olsen, I. (2000). Systemic Diseases Caused by Oral Infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 13(4), 547–558.
- Monteiro, J. M., Fernandes, P. B., Vaz, F., Pereira, A. R., Tavares, A. C., Ferreira, M. T., … Pinho, M. G. (2015). Cell shape dynamics during the staphylococcal cell cycle. Nature Communications, 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9055
- Moye, Z. D., Zeng, L., & Burne, R. A. (2014). Fueling the caries process: carbohydrate metabolism and gene regulation by Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Oral Microbiology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3402/jom.v6.24878
- Nakano, K., Nomura, R., & Ooshima, T. (2008). Streptococcus mutans and cardiovascular diseases. Japanese Dental Science Review, 44(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2007.09.001
- Notohartojo, I. T., & Sihombing, M. (2015). Faktor Risiko pada Penyakit Jaringan Periodontal Gigi di Indonesia (RISKESDAS 2013) (Risk Factors on Dental Periodontal Tissues Disease in Indonesia [Riskesdas 2013]). Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.22435/hsr.v18i1.4274.87-94
- Nursidika, P., Saptarini, O., & Rafiqua, N. (2014). Aktivitas Antimikrob Fraksi Ekstrak Etanol Buah Pinang (Areca catechu L) pada Bakteri Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Majalah Kedokteran Bandung, 46(2), 94–99.
- Peker, I., Akca, G., Sarikir, C., Alkurt, M. T., & Celik, I. (2014). Effectiveness of alternative methods for toothbrush disinfection: an in vitro study. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2014, 726190. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/726190
- Raiyani, C. M., Arora, R., Bhayya, D. P., Dogra, S., Katageri, A. A., & Singh, V. (2015). Assessment of microbial contamination on twice a day used toothbrush head after 1-month and 3 months: An in vitro study. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine, 6(Suppl 1), S44–S48. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.166072
- Rao Sukhabogii, J., Rudraiah Chandrashekar, B., Haritha, N., Satish Kumar, G., Venkata Ramana, I., Jaya Lakshmi, L., … Vasundara, D. (2015). Microbial Contamination of Tooth Brushes Stored in Different Settings before and After Disinfection with Chlorhexidine–A Comparative Study. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 7(4s), 486–492. https://doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2015.4s.11
- Rautemaa, R., Lauhio, A., Cullinan, M. P., & Seymour, G. J. (2007). Oral infections and systemic disease—an emerging problem in medicine. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 13(11), 1041–1047. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01802.x
- Samuel, O., & Ifeanyi, O. (2015). Bacterial Contamination of Used Manual Toothbrushes Obtained from Some Students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria. Universal Journal of Microbiology Research, 3(4), 56–59. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujmr.2015.030404
- Sariningsih, drg E. (2014). Merawat Gigi Anak Sejak Dini. Elex Media Komputindo.
- Taji, S. S., & Rogers, A. H. (1998). The microbial contamination of toothbrushes. A pilot study. Australian Dental Journal, 43(2), 128–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1998.tb06101.x
- Tannock, G. W. (1995). Normal Microflora: An Introduction to Microbes Inhabiting the Human Body. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Tlaskalová-Hogenová, H., Å tÄ›pánková, R., Hudcovic, T., TuÄková, L., Cukrowska, B., Lodinová-ŽádnıÌková, R., … KokeÅ¡ová, A. (2004). Commensal bacteria (normal microflora), mucosal immunity and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Immunology Letters, 93(2), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2004.02.005
Referensi
Advanced Response Corporation. (2014). Up to 3,000 times the bacterial growth on hollow-head toothbrushes. Diambil 23 Juli 2018, dari https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140828115226.htm
Bagg, J., Smith, A. J., & Jackson, M. S. (2001). The ecology of Staphylococcus species in the oral cavity. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 50(11), 940–946. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-50-11-940
BPPK, K. R. (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013.
Chiller, K., Selkin, B. A., & Murakawa, G. J. (2001). Skin Microflora and Bacterial Infections of the Skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings, 6(3), 170–174. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.00043.x
Fleming, A., Voureka, A., Kramer, I. R. H., & Hughes, W. H. (1950). The morphology and motility of Proteus vulgaris and other organisms cultured in the presence of penicillin. Microbiology, 4(2), 257–269.
Guo, Y., Cen, Z., Zou, Y., Fang, X., Li, T., Wang, J., … Liu, C. (2012). Whole-genome sequence of Klebsiella pneumonia strain LCT-KP214. Journal of Bacteriology, 194(12), 3281. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00531-12
Hill, M. J., & Marsh, P. D. (1989). Human Microbial Ecology. CRC Press.
Joshi, S. R. (2007). Microbes:redefined Personality. APH Publishing.
Komiyama, E. Y., Back-Brito, G. N., Balducci, I., & Koga-Ito, C. Y. (2010). Evaluation of alternative methods for the disinfection of toothbrushes. Brazilian Oral Research, 24(1), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242010000100005
Krzyściak, W., Pluskwa, K. K., Jurczak, A., & Kościelniak, D. (2013). The pathogenicity of the Streptococcus genus. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 32(11), 1361–1376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-013-1914-9
Li, X., Kolltveit, K. M., Tronstad, L., & Olsen, I. (2000). Systemic Diseases Caused by Oral Infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 13(4), 547–558.
Monteiro, J. M., Fernandes, P. B., Vaz, F., Pereira, A. R., Tavares, A. C., Ferreira, M. T., … Pinho, M. G. (2015). Cell shape dynamics during the staphylococcal cell cycle. Nature Communications, 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9055
Moye, Z. D., Zeng, L., & Burne, R. A. (2014). Fueling the caries process: carbohydrate metabolism and gene regulation by Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Oral Microbiology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3402/jom.v6.24878
Nakano, K., Nomura, R., & Ooshima, T. (2008). Streptococcus mutans and cardiovascular diseases. Japanese Dental Science Review, 44(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2007.09.001
Notohartojo, I. T., & Sihombing, M. (2015). Faktor Risiko pada Penyakit Jaringan Periodontal Gigi di Indonesia (RISKESDAS 2013) (Risk Factors on Dental Periodontal Tissues Disease in Indonesia [Riskesdas 2013]). Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.22435/hsr.v18i1.4274.87-94
Nursidika, P., Saptarini, O., & Rafiqua, N. (2014). Aktivitas Antimikrob Fraksi Ekstrak Etanol Buah Pinang (Areca catechu L) pada Bakteri Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Majalah Kedokteran Bandung, 46(2), 94–99.
Peker, I., Akca, G., Sarikir, C., Alkurt, M. T., & Celik, I. (2014). Effectiveness of alternative methods for toothbrush disinfection: an in vitro study. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2014, 726190. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/726190
Raiyani, C. M., Arora, R., Bhayya, D. P., Dogra, S., Katageri, A. A., & Singh, V. (2015). Assessment of microbial contamination on twice a day used toothbrush head after 1-month and 3 months: An in vitro study. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine, 6(Suppl 1), S44–S48. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.166072
Rao Sukhabogii, J., Rudraiah Chandrashekar, B., Haritha, N., Satish Kumar, G., Venkata Ramana, I., Jaya Lakshmi, L., … Vasundara, D. (2015). Microbial Contamination of Tooth Brushes Stored in Different Settings before and After Disinfection with Chlorhexidine–A Comparative Study. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 7(4s), 486–492. https://doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2015.4s.11
Rautemaa, R., Lauhio, A., Cullinan, M. P., & Seymour, G. J. (2007). Oral infections and systemic disease—an emerging problem in medicine. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 13(11), 1041–1047. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01802.x
Samuel, O., & Ifeanyi, O. (2015). Bacterial Contamination of Used Manual Toothbrushes Obtained from Some Students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria. Universal Journal of Microbiology Research, 3(4), 56–59. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujmr.2015.030404
Sariningsih, drg E. (2014). Merawat Gigi Anak Sejak Dini. Elex Media Komputindo.
Taji, S. S., & Rogers, A. H. (1998). The microbial contamination of toothbrushes. A pilot study. Australian Dental Journal, 43(2), 128–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1998.tb06101.x
Tannock, G. W. (1995). Normal Microflora: An Introduction to Microbes Inhabiting the Human Body. Springer Science & Business Media.
Tlaskalová-Hogenová, H., Å tÄ›pánková, R., Hudcovic, T., TuÄková, L., Cukrowska, B., Lodinová-ŽádnıÌková, R., … KokeÅ¡ová, A. (2004). Commensal bacteria (normal microflora), mucosal immunity and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Immunology Letters, 93(2), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2004.02.005