Integrative Model of Moral Education in the Perspective of Ibn Miskawaih, Al-Ghazali, and Ibn Khaldun and Its Relevance to Student Character Education

-

Abstract

This study aims to analyze and integrate the thoughts of Ibn Miskawaih, Al-Ghazali, and Ibn Khaldun in the field of moral education and to develop an integrative model relevant to student character education. This study uses a qualitative approach with the library research method through the collection and analysis of classical literature and relevant scientific journals. The results show that Ibn Miskawaih emphasizes the formation of moral character through the balance of the soul, habituation, role modeling, and self-control. Al-Ghazali views morality as an inner condition formed through the processes of mujahadah, riyadhah, and tazkiyatun nafs to achieve spiritual perfection. Meanwhile, Ibn Khaldun asserts that moral character is greatly influenced by social, cultural, economic factors, and leadership in the educational environment. The three perspectives indicate an integration between the psychological, spiritual, and social dimensions in character formation. This study concludes that the combined thinking of the three scholars produces a comprehensive model of moral education that is still highly relevant to help shape the character of students in the modern era.